week one {Ao1-Ao3}

 Lesson A01 

Topic: Computers' fundamental components 

 A computer is an apparatus that receives information (in the form of digitalized data) and processes it in accordance with a program, piece of software, or set of instructions that specify how the information should be handled. 

Computer systems typically have three parts:

1.Input a few examples of components are a keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, scanner, and microphone.

2. A processing component is the CPU (central processing unit).

3. Output devices, such as projectors, speakers, printers, and monitors.

Storage elements

1. Temporary storage  

2. Long-term holding

The data that your computer processor needs to execute your applications and open your files is stored in RAM (short-term storage), also known as working storage. Is unstable

Through the usage of virtual memory, secondary memory can be used just as it were a component of the main memory.

Long-term storage is non-volatile and keeps data intact even in the absence of power.

for instance, USB flash devices, CDs/DVDs, and hard drives.

Four important PC parts are the motherboard, hard drive, RAM, and BIOS/CMOS.

-Basics of the computer bus

The method used by all internal computer components to exchange data is known as BUS. Between the CPU and RAM, the CPU and the disk drives.

Module A02

1 byte equals 8 bits.

-Bit can only be 0 or 1

the bits and bytes

- Words in the primary memory are 32-bit words.

4 8-bit bytes are included in -32 bits.

-Cache memory: A form of computer memory that momentarily saves frequently used information and instructions for the CPU to access more quickly.

-Processor: 

1. logic circuits (using word-size data operands for arithmetic and logic operations)

2. Timing and control circuits (for retrieving sequential program instructions and data from memory)

3. Register (hold current program and data sections and words of operands)

-Arithmetic and logic units: The processor's ALU is where operations are carried out.

-Control unit: An ALU performs input and output functions as well as information processing and storage.

-Instruction cycle: The sequence that the CPU follows from the time the computer boots up until it shuts down

A03

Symbolizing Number

-Number system: Binary is the number system used by computers. In a computer system, a binary number—a string of bits—is the most natural way to represent a number.

-DECIMAL number system: consists of 10 digits, denoted by the numbers 0 through 9.

for instance, 888 = 800 + 80 + 8

-BINARY number system: Bits are made up of the symbols 0 and 1. 

for instance, 10110B = 10000B + 0000B + 100B + 0B

-OCTAL number system: consists of 8 symbols (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6).

as in: 2370 = 2000 + 300 + 300 + 70

16 symbols make up the HEXADECIMAL number system (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).

as in A3EH=A00H+30H+EH

-CONVERSION 

example: 

1.Binary to decimal 

2. Binary to Decimal

3. Hexadecimal Number

4. Binary to Hexadecimal conversion 

5. Binary to octal conversion